Quantum solvency · Exchange
Bitstamp
Bitstamp by Robinhood (wallet transparency list)
Quantum solvency
46.8%
On-chain total
24,432 BTC
Exposed
12,990 BTC
Largest exposed key
1,132 BTC
Scored from Bitstamp wallet transparency endpoint, updated daily (2026-09-30), 201 of 201 published addresses read. Bitstamp publishes its wallet addresses daily without balances or a hot-and-cold label; the list likely mixes operational wallets with reserves. Balances are read from the chain. Snapshot .
By exposure class
| Reused / spent (key revealed) | 92 addresses | 12,989.86 BTC |
| Hash-protected (safe until first spend) | 109 addresses | 11,442.08 BTC |
Practical risk
An attacker must recover each key separately. 21 exposed keys hold 10 BTC or more, 12,987 BTC in total; that is the part worth attacking first, and the part to sweep to fresh keys first.
| High concentration | 19 keys | 12,908.83 BTC |
| Material | 2 keys | 77.98 BTC |
| Moderate | 1 key | 2 BTC |
| Small balance | 65 keys | 1.05 BTC |
| Not exposed | 114 keys | 11,442.08 BTC |
Largest exposed keys
| Address | Type | Why exposed | Balance |
|---|---|---|---|
| bc1qd3g4ezjflq…9qerk5ec | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 1,132.27 BTC |
| bc1qju5drj653r…xsra4cqk | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 937 BTC |
| bc1qx05e02ll2d…dqpm2qmd | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 890.1 BTC |
| bc1qsdm9jl47nv…dqhawnef | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 855 BTC |
| bc1q99dswjr740…dqe6al7l | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 852.1 BTC |
| bc1qj5d57elpw4…8qzpqe4t | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 848.79 BTC |
| bc1qd5uycc9pu8…vsygylvs | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 827.89 BTC |
| bc1qepqmrl3sj4…nq2gt9k9 | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 819.42 BTC |
| bc1q5v8sar3ks9…mqx6942u | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 701 BTC |
| bc1q67huruek7t…ysqucne0 | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 700 BTC |
| bc1qjqd3hl6njc…csgra0j3 | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 700 BTC |
| bc1q49xnhmtgs7…qsk43d6j | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 699.9 BTC |
| bc1qyca99fs6w7…qsag3xnw | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 699 BTC |
| bc1qpxweytvrnz…3qwj2wta | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 627 BTC |
| bc1qmtrmthep6v…fqlak42r | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 600 BTC |
| bc1qgg50qfyxs8…8sgw3gvx | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 444.89 BTC |
| bc1qhd5f9ta9hn…xqfrr2e5 | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 261.54 BTC |
| bc1qzt777c8r3k…zs0gn4a7 | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 200 BTC |
| bc1qjjaf972jaz…6slkn5yl | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 112.95 BTC |
| 33t9PxtMC3yUpT…MT8xCbpu | P2SH | Spent from, key revealed | 39.47 BTC |
| 3HXo1ez8mbfTkV…rTLwsuXH | P2SH | Spent from, key revealed | 38.52 BTC |
| bc1q9yhr4kelf9…zqwj56j5 | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 2 BTC |
| bc1q7vma3m3598…hq7u48ll | P2WSH | Spent from, key revealed | 1 BTC |
| 3McM9QJX5uJGpR…rt5v4ctF | P2SH | Spent from, key revealed | 0.04 BTC |
| 3NkodZRMdHsCr6…XgBQvWuq | P2SH | Spent from, key revealed | 0.01 BTC |
Disclosure freshness
Published this month. Read from a publication dated 2026-09-30, 19 days ago. Bitstamp’s daily list carries no balances and likely includes operational wallets.
Custody, as observed on-chain
Of the 10,304 BTC in the 60 addresses read, 0% is spent by a single key (indistinguishable from MPC on-chain), 67% through a multisig script, and 33% has never spent, so its control is not yet visible.
| What spends it | Addresses | Balance |
|---|---|---|
| Multisig script 2-of-3: 6,875 BTC in 33 addresses | 33 | 6,875 BTC |
| Never spent, control not yet visible | 27 | 3,429 BTC |
Read from 60 of 201 published addresses, holding 10,304 BTC, on 2026-09-30.
Repeated nonces
378 signatures from 33 keys across 33 addresses were checked and no nonce was repeated. For 1 busy address only the most recent transactions were read.
What it would take to move the exposed balance
120 unspent outputs in 1 transaction, about 0.0002 BTC in fees at the one-hour rate (about $14 at today’s price), using well under one percent of a day’s block space.
Economy · 1 sat/vB
0.0002 BTC
about $14
Within an hour · 1 sat/vB
0.0002 BTC
about $14
Next block · 2 sat/vB
0.0003 BTC
about $27
Each of the 120 unspent outputs is spent once into one fresh output of the same script family, in transactions of up to 400 inputs. Fee rates are mempool.space's recommendations at 2026-09-30T21:29:05.535Z. Signing ceremonies, custody procedures and withdrawal queues are not included and usually dominate.
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Anchored in Bitcoin
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